Gàidhlig
In Celtic languages like Scottish Gaelic, prepositions combine with personal pronouns to form single inflected words called prepositional pronouns. They are essential for expressing possession, physical states, emotions, and movement.
Quick Jump to Preposition (14 total):
Possession (tha X agam = I have X), location, and ownership relationships.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | agam | agamsa | at me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | agad | agadsa | at you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | aige | aigesan | at him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | aice | aicese | at her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | againn | againne | at us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | agaibh | agaibhse | at you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | aca | acasan | at them |
Used for clothing, conditions, illness, and many idioms (tha an t-acras orm = I am hungry).
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | orm | ormsa | on me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | ort | ortsa | on you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | air | airsan | on him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | oirre | oirrese | on her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | oirnn | oirnne | on us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | oirbh | oirbhse | on you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | orra | orrasan | on them |
Location and state. Becomes 'anns' before the article.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | annam | annamsa | in me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | annad | annadsa | in you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ann | annsan | in him / it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | innte | inntese | in her / it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | annainn | annainne | in us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | annaibh | annaibhse | in you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | annta | anntasan | in them |
Direction away from, time origin. Variant 'o' is older / dialect.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | bhuam | bhuamsa | from me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | bhuat | bhuatsa | from you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | bhuaithe | bhuaithesan | from him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | bhuaipe | bhuaipese | from her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | bhuainn | bhuainne | from us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | bhuaibh | bhuaibhse | from you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | bhuapa | bhuapasan | from them |
Partitive ('a piece of') and removal ('take off').
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | dhìom | dhìomsa | of me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | dhìot | dhìotsa | of you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | dheth | dhethsan | of him / it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | dhith | dhithse | of her / it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | dhinn | dhinne | of us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | dhibh | dhibhse | of you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | dhiubh | dhiubhsan | of them |
Indirect object, recipient, benefactor. Lenites following noun.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | dhomh | dhòmhsa | to me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | dhut | dhutsa | to you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | dha | dhasan | to him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | dhi | dhise | to her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | dhuinn | dhuinne | to us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | dhuibh | dhuibhse | to you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | dhaibh | dhaibhsan | to them |
Position below, and metaphorical 'under' (under stress, etc.). Lenites.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | fodham | fodhamsa | under me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | fodhad | fodhadsa | under you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | fodha | fodhasan | under him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | fòipe | fòipese | under her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | fodhainn | fodhainne | under us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | fodhaibh | fodhaibhse | under you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | fòpa | fòpasan | under them |
Instrumental, ownership of an action. 'Is toigh leam' = 'I like'.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | leam | leamsa | with me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | leat | leatsa | with you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | leis | leis-san | with him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | leatha | leathase | with her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | leinn | leinne | with us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | leibh | leibhse | with you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | leotha | leothasan | with them |
Topic of conversation, garments worn around the body.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | umam | umamsa | about me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | umad | umadsa | about you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | uime | uimesan | about him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | uimpe | uimpese | about her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | umainn | umainne | about us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | umaibh | umaibhse | about you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | umpa | umpasan | about them |
Speaking to, attaching to, comparing with.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | rium | riumsa | to me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | riut | riutsa | to you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ris | ris-san | to him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | rithe | rithese | to her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | rinn | rinne | to us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | ribh | ribhse | to you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | riutha | riuthasan | to them |
Time and place precedence. Lenites.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | romham | romhamsa | before me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | romhad | romhadsa | before you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | roimhe | roimhesan | before him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | roimhpe | roimhpese | before her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | romhainn | romhainne | before us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | romhaibh | romhaibhse | before you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | romhpa | romhpasan | before them |
Has only plural-person forms (eadarainn / eadaraibh / eatorra). The singular is just 'eadar X agus Y'.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Plural (We / us) | eadarainn | eadarainne | between us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | eadaraibh | eadaraibhse | between you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | eatorra | eatorrasan | between them |
Movement through space or time.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | tromham | tromhamsa | through me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | tromhad | tromhadsa | through you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | troimhe | troimhesan | through him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | troimhpe | troimhpese | through her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | tromhainn | tromhainne | through us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | tromhaibh | tromhaibhse | through you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | tromhpa | tromhpasan | through them |
Often used compositely with 'air'. Common with motion verbs.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | thairis orm | thairis ormsa | over me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | thairis ort | thairis ortsa | over you | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | thairis air | thairis airsan | over him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | thairis oirre | thairis oirrese | over her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | thairis oirnn | thairis oirnne | over us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | thairis oirbh | thairis oirbhse | over you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | thairis orra | thairis orrasan | over them |
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