Gaelg
In Celtic languages like Manx, prepositions combine with personal pronouns to form single inflected words called prepositional pronouns. They are essential for expressing possession, physical states, emotions, and movement.
Quick Jump to Preposition (9 total):
Used in possession (ta X aym = I have X), location, and ownership.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | aym | aym pene | at me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | ayd | ayd pene | at you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | echey | echey hene | at him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | eck | eck hene | at her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | ain | ain hene | at us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | eu | eu hene | at you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | oc | oc hene | at them |
Surface contact, also for many idioms (ta nearey orrym = I am ashamed).
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | orrym | — | on me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | ort | — | on you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | er | — | on him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | urree | — | on her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | orrin | — | on us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | erriu | — | on you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | orroo | — | on them |
Location inside something.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | aynym | — | in me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | aynyd | — | in you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ayn | — | in him/it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | aynjee | — | in her/it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | aynin | — | in us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | ayndiu | — | in you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | ayndoo | — | in them |
Indirect object + dative; used as the goal of motion.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | dou | — | to me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | dhyt | — | to you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | da | — | to him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | jee | — | to her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | dooin | — | to us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | diu | — | to you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | daue | — | to them |
Speech (as in 'speak with') and contact.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | rhym | — | with me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | rhyt | — | with you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | rish | — | with him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | r'ee | — | with her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | rooin | — | with us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | riu | — | with you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | roo | — | with them |
Origin / starting point.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | voym | — | from me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | voyd | — | from you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | voish | — | from him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | voee | — | from her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | voin | — | from us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | veue | — | from you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | voue | — | from them |
Spatial; triggers lenition on a following noun.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | foym | — | under me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | foyd | — | under you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | fo | — | under him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | foee | — | under her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | foin | — | under us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | feue | — | under you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | foue | — | under them |
Temporal + spatial 'in front of'.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | roym | — | before me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | royd | — | before you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | roish | — | before him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | roee | — | before her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | roin | — | before us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | reue | — | before you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | roue | — | before them |
Comitative, used with people, animals.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | marym | — | with me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | mayrt | — | with you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | marish | — | with him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | maree | — | with her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | marin | — | with us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | meriu | — | with you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | maroo | — | with them |
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