Kernewek
In Celtic languages like Cornish, prepositions combine with personal pronouns to form single inflected words called prepositional pronouns. They are essential for expressing possession, physical states, emotions, and movement.
Quick Jump to Preposition (12 total):
Direction, indirect object. Triggers 2nd state on a following noun (when used directly).
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | dhymm | — | to me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | dhis | — | to you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | dhodho | — | to him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | dhedhi | — | to her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | dhyn | — | to us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | dhywgh | — | to you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | dhedha | — | to them |
Location; also fronted in some adverbial constructions.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | ynnov | — | in me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | ynnos | — | in you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ynno | — | in him/it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | ynni | — | in her/it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | ynnon | — | in us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | ynnowgh | — | in you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | ynna | — | in them |
Instrumental + comitative. Means by which something is done.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | genev | genev vy | with me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | genes | genes jy | with you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ganso | ganso ev | with him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | gensi | gensi hi | with her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | genen | genen ni | with us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | genowgh | genowgh hwi | with you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | gansa | gansa i | with them |
Locative + after some verbs of looking, listening.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | orthiv | — | at me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | orthis | — | at you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | orto | — | at him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | orti | — | at her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | orthyn | — | at us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | orthowgh | — | at you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | ortha | — | at them |
Surface contact; triggers 2nd state on the following noun.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | warnav | — | on me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | warnas | — | on you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | warnodho | — | on him/it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | warnedhi | — | on her/it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | warnan | — | on us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | warnowgh | — | on you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | warnedha | — | on them |
Partitive + origin.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | ahanav | — | of me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | ahanas | — | of you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | anodho | — | of him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | anedhi | — | of her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | ahanan | — | of us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | ahanowgh | — | of you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | anedha | — | of them |
Spatial adjacency.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | rybov | — | beside me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | rybos | — | beside you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ryptho | — | beside him/it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | rybti | — | beside her/it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | rybon | — | beside us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | rybowgh | — | beside you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | rybtha | — | beside them |
Beneficiary + spatial 'in front of'.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | ragov | — | for me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | ragos | — | for you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | ragdho | — | for him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | ragdhi | — | for her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | ragon | — | for us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | ragowgh | — | for you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | ragdha | — | for them |
Spatial 'between two things'. Used with plural objects.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | yntradhov | — | between me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | yntradhos | — | between you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | yntradho | — | between him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | yntredhi | — | between her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | yntradhon | — | between us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | yntradhowgh | — | between you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | yntredha | — | between them |
Means + passage.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | dredhov | — | through me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | dredhos | — | through you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | dredho | — | through him/it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | dredhi | — | through her/it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | dredhon | — | through us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | dredhowgh | — | through you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | dredha | — | through them |
Spatial 'underneath'.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | yn-dannov | — | under me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | yn-dannos | — | under you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | yn-danno | — | under him/it | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | yn-danni | — | under her/it | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | yn-dannon | — | under us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | yn-dannowgh | — | under you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | yn-danna | — | under them |
Origin / starting point.
| Person | Standard Form | Emphatic Form | Meaning | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular (I / me) | dhyworthiv | — | from me | |
| 2nd Singular (You) | dhyworthis | — | from you (sg) | |
| 3rd Singular Masc. (He / him) | dhyworto | — | from him | |
| 3rd Singular Fem. (She / her) | dhyworti | — | from her | |
| 1st Plural (We / us) | dhyworthyn | — | from us | |
| 2nd Plural (You pl.) | dhyworthowgh | — | from you (pl) | |
| 3rd Plural (They / them) | dhywortha | — | from them |
Practise Irish on your phone
Daily 5-minute drills with spaced repetition on iOS and Android.
